Oxfordian (stage)

System	Series	Stage	Age (Ma)
Cretaceous	Lower	Berriasian	younger
Jurassic	Upper	Tithonian	145.5–150.8
		Kimmeridgian	150.8–155.7
		Oxfordian	155.7–161.2
	Middle	Callovian	161.2–164.7
		Bathonian	164.7–167.7
		Bajocian	167.7–171.6
		Aalenian	171.6–175.6
	Lower	Toarcian	175.6–183.0
		Pliensbachian	183.0–189.6
		Sinemurian	189.6–196.5
		Hettangian	196.5–199.6
Triassic	Upper	Rhaetian	older
Subdivision of the Jurassic system according to the IUGS, as of July 2009.

The Oxfordian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the earliest age of the Late Jurassic epoch, or the lowest stage of the Upper Jurassic series. It spans the time between 161.2 ± 4 Ma and 155.7 ± 4 Ma (million years ago). The Oxfordian is preceded by the Callovian and is followed by the Kimmeridgian.^[1]

1 Stratigraphic definitions
2 Palaeontology
3 References

Stratigraphic definitions

The Oxfordian stage was introduced into scientific writing by Alexandre Brongniart in 1827. The stage takes its name from the city of Oxford in England.

The base of the Oxfordian stage is defined as the point in the stratigraphic record where the ammonite species Brightia thuouxensis first appears. A global reference profile for the base (a GSSP) had in 2009 not yet been assigned. The top of the Oxfordian stage (the base of the Kimmeridgian) is at the first appearance of ammonite species Pictonia baylei.

In the Tethys domain, the Oxfordian contains six ammonite biozones:

zone of Epipeltoceras bimammatum
zone of Perishinctes bifurcatus
zone of Gregoryceras transversarium
zone of Perisphinctes plicatilis
zone of Cardioceras cordatum
zone of Quenstedtoceras mariae

Palaeontology

†Ornithischians

Ornithischians of the Oxfordian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Chaoyangsaurus	Oxfordian? Tithonian?	Chaoyang, Liaoning, China	A marginocephalian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China, belonged to the Ceratopsia, a group of primarily herbivorous dinosaurs with parrot-like beaks
Chialingosaurus		Upper Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan, China	A genus of stegosaur similar to Kentrosaurus
Chungkingosaurus		Upper Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan, China	One of the smallest of the stegosaurids at 3-4 metres long (10-13 ft), Chungkingosaurus had at least five spikes on its thagomizer. It had a rather high and narrow skull and large, thick bony plates.
Dacentrurus		England, France, Spain, Portugal	A large stegosaurid
"Eugongbusaurus"		Shishugou Formation, Xinjiang, China	Either a hypsilophodont, or a less-derived ornithischian
Gongbusaurus		Dashanpu Formation, Sichuan, China	By extrapolation from the remains of possible species and other basal ornithopods, it was a herbivorous bipedal animal around 1.3 to 1.5 meters long (4.3 to 4.9 ft). It would have been a strong runner
Jiangjunosaurus		Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China	A genus of stegosaurid
Tuojiangosaurus		Upper Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan, China	The best understood of the Chinese stegosaurs. It was around 7.0 meters (23 ft) long and 2 meters (7 ft) high, with a postulated weight of around 4 metric tons (4.4 short tons).
Yinlong		Shishugou Formation, Xinjiang, China	A small, primarily bipedal herbivore, approximately 1.2 meters (4 ft) long, the oldest and most primitive ceratopsian known to science.

†Thalattosuchians

Thalattosuchians of the Oxfordian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Aggiosaurus
Geosaurus
Metriorhynchus			An opportunistic carnivore that fed on fish, belemnites and other marine animals and possible carrion. Metriorhynchus grew to an average adult length of 3 meters (9.6 feet), although some individuals may have reached lengths rivaling those of large nile crocodiles.
Steneosaurus

Theropods

Theropoda of the Oxfordian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Yangchuanosaurus		Upper Shaximiao Formation, Sichuan, China	Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis reached about 7 meters long (23 ft) with a skull around 80 cm long (32 in). Its relative Y. magnus grew larger still: up to 10 meters long (33 ft) with a skull up to 1 metre (3 ft) in length. There was a bony knob on its nose and multiple hornlets and ridges, similar to Ceratosaurus. It had a massive tail that was about half its length.
Monolophosaurus		Upper Shaximiao Formation, China	Monolophosaurus was a medium sized predator that grew to at least 5.7 meters (19 ft) long. It had an odd, unique crest on its head which ran most of the length of the skull.

Nautiloids

Nautiloids of the Oxfordian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Somalinautilus

†Belemnites

Belemnites of the Oxfordian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Produvalia

References

Notes

^ For a detailed geologic timescale see Gradstein et al. (2004)

Literature

Brongniart, A.; 1829: Tableau théorique de la succession et de la disposition la plus générale on Europa, des terrains et roches, qui composent l'écorce de la terre, Paris.(French)
Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.

External links

GeoWhen Database - Oxfordian
Jurassic-Cretaceous timescale, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
Stratigraphic chart of the Upper Jurassic, at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy

Jurassic Period
Lower/Early Jurassic	Middle Jurassic	Upper/Late Jurassic
Hettangian \| Sinemurian Pliensbachian \| Toarcian	Aalenian \| Bajocian Bathonian \| Callovian	Oxfordian \| Kimmeridgian Tithonian

Geologic history of Earth

Precambrian (4.57 Gya – 542 Mya)

In left column are eons; right column: bold are eras; not bold are periods:

Hadean (4.57 – 4 Gya)	(informal)

Archean (4 – 2.5 Gya)	Eoarchean (4 – 3.6 Gya) Paleoarchean (3.6 – 3.2 Gya) Mesoarchean (3.2 – 2.8 Gya) Neoarchean (2.8 – 2.5 Gya)

Proterozoic (2.5 Gya – 542 Mya)	Paleoproterozoic (2.5 – 1.6 Gya): Siderian (2.5 – 2.3 Gya) · Rhyacian (2.3 – 2.05 Gya) · Orosirian (2.05 – 1.8 Gya) · Statherian (1.8 – 1.6 Gya) Mesoproterozoic (1.6 – 1 Gya): Calymmian (1.6 – 1.4 Gya) · Ectasian (1.4 – 1.2 Gya) · Stenian (1.2 – 1 Gya) Neoproterozoic (1 Gya – 542 Mya): Tonian (1 Gya – 850 Mya) · Cryogenian (850 – 635 Mya) · Ediacaran (635 – 542 Mya)

Mya = millions years ago. Gya = billions years ago.

Phanerozoic (542 – 0 Mya)

In horizontal bars are eras; in left column are periods; right column: bold are epochs; not bold not italic are ages; italic are chrons:

Paleozoic (542 – 251 Mya)

Cambrian (542 – 488.3 Mya)	Terreneuvian (542 – 521 Mya) (de): Fortunian (542 – 528 Mya) (de) · Age 2* (528 – 521 Mya) *Epoch 2 (521 – 510 Mya)*: Age 3 (521 – 515 Mya) · Age 4* (515 – 510 Mya) *Epoch 3 (510 – 499 Mya)*: Age 5 (510 – 506.5 Mya) · Drumian (506.5 – 503 Mya) (de) · Guzhangian (503 – 499 Mya) (de) Furongian (499 – 488.3 Mya): Paibian (499 – 496 Mya) · Jiangshanian (496 – 492 Mya) (de) · Age 10* (492 – 488.3 Mya)

Ordovician (488.3 – 443.7 Mya)	Early Ordovician (488.3 – 471.8 Mya): Tremadocian (488.3 – 478.6 Mya) · Floian (478.6 – 471.8 Mya) Middle Ordovician (471.8 – 460.9 Mya): Dapingian (471.8 – 468.1 Mya) · Darriwilian (468.1 – 460.9 Mya) Late Ordovician (460.9 – 443.7 Mya): Sandbian (460.9 – 455.8 Mya) · Katian (455.8 – 445.6 Mya) · Hirnantian (445.6 – 443.7 Mya)

Silurian (443.7 – 416 Mya)	Llandovery (443.7 – 428.2 Mya): Rhuddanian (443.7 – 439 Mya) · Aeronian (439 – 436 Mya) · Telychian (436 – 428.2 Mya) Wenlock (428.2 – 422.9 Mya): Sheinwoodian (428.2 – 426.2 Mya) · Homerian (426.2 – 422.9 Mya) Ludlow (422.9 – 418.7 Mya): Gorstian (422.9 – 421.3 Mya) · Ludfordian (421.3 – 418.7 Mya) Pridoli (418.7 – 416 Mya)

Devonian (416 – 359.2 Mya)	Early Devonian (416 – 397.5 Mya): Lochkovian (416 – 411.2 Mya) · Pragian (411.2 – 407 Mya) · Emsian (407 – 397.5 Mya) Middle Devonian (397.5 – 385.3 Mya): Eifelian (397.5 – 391.8 Mya) · Givetian (391.8 – 385.3 Mya) Late Devonian (385.3 – 359.2 Mya): Frasnian (385.3 – 374.5 Mya) · Famennian (374.5 – 359.2 Mya)

Carboniferous (359.2 – 299 Mya)	Mississippian (359.2 – 318.1 Mya): Tournaisian / Early Mississippian (359.2 – 345.3 Mya) · Viséan / Middle Mississippian (345.3 – 328.3 Mya) · Serpukhovian / Late Mississippian (328.3 – 318.1 Mya) Pennsylvanian (318.1 – 299 Mya): Bashkirian / Early Pennsylvanian (318.1 – 311.7 Mya) · Moscovian / Middle Pennsylvanian (311.7 – 307.2 Mya) · Late Pennsylvanian (307.2 – 299 Mya): Kasimovian (307.2 – 303.4 Mya) · Gzhelian (303.4 – 299 Mya)

Permian (299 – 251 Mya)	Cisuralian (299 – 270.6 Mya): Asselian (299 – 294.6 Mya) · Sakmarian (294.6 – 284.4 Mya) · Artinskian (284.4 – 275.6 Mya) · Kungurian (275.6 – 270.6 Mya) Guadalupian (270.6 – 260.4 Mya): Roadian (270.6 – 268 Mya) · Wordian (268 – 265.8 Mya) · Capitanian (265.8 – 260.4 Mya) Lopingian (260.4 – 251 Mya): Wuchiapingian (260.4 – 253.8 Mya) · Changhsingian (253.8 – 251 Mya)

Mesozoic (251 – 65.5 Mya)

Triassic (251 – 199.6 Mya)	Early Triassic (251 – 245.9 Mya): Induan (251 – 249.5 Mya) · Olenekian (249.5 – 245.9 Mya) Middle Triassic (245.9 – 228.7 Mya): Anisian (245.9 – 237 Mya) · Ladinian (237 – 228.7 Mya) Late Triassic (228.7 – 199.6 Mya): Carnian (228.7 – 216.5 Mya) · Norian (216.5 – 203.6 Mya) · Rhaetian (203.6 – 199.6 Mya)

Jurassic (199.6 – 145.5 Mya)	Early Jurassic (199.6 – 175.6 Mya): Hettangian (199.6 – 196.5 Mya) · Sinemurian (196.5 – 189.6 Mya) · Pliensbachian (189.6 – 183 Mya) · Toarcian (183 – 175.6 Mya) Middle Jurassic (175.6 – 161.2 Mya): Aalenian (175.6 – 171.6 Mya) · Bajocian (171.6 – 167.7 Mya) · Bathonian (167.7 – 164.7 Mya) · Callovian (164.7 – 161.2 Mya) Late Jurassic (161.2 – 145.5 Mya): Oxfordian (161.2 – 155.6 Mya) · Kimmeridgian (155.6 – 150.8 Mya) · Tithonian (150.8 – 145.5 Mya)

Cretaceous (145.5 – 65.5 Mya)	Early Cretaceous (145.5 – 99.6 Mya): Berriasian (145.5 – 140.2 Mya) · Valanginian (140.2 – 133.9 Mya) · Hauterivian (133.9 – 130 Mya) · Barremian (130 – 125 Mya) · Aptian (125 – 112 Mya) · Albian (112 – 99.6 Mya) Late Cretaceous (99.6 – 65.5 Mya): Cenomanian (99.6 – 93.6 Mya) · Turonian (93.6 – 88.6 Mya) · Coniacian (88.6 – 85.8 Mya) · Santonian (85.8 – 83.5 Mya) · Campanian (83.5 – 70.6 Mya) · Maastrichtian (70.6 – 65.5 Mya)

Cenozoic (65.5 – 0 Mya)

Paleogene, Neogene and early Pleistocene comprise former Tertiary* (65.5 – 1.8 Mya) period. Gelasian and Calabrian comprise Early Pleistocene (2.588 Mya – 781 kya) subepoch.

Paleogene (65.5 – 23.03 Mya)	Paleocene (65.5 – 55.8 Mya): Danian (65.5 – 61.1 Mya) · Selandian (61.1 – 58.7 Mya) · Thanetian (58.7 – 55.8 Mya) Eocene (55.8 – 33.9 Mya): Ypresian (55.8 – 48.6 Mya) · Lutetian (48.6 – 40.4 Mya) · Bartonian (40.4 – 37.2 Mya) · Priabonian (37.2 – 33.9 Mya) Oligocene (33.9 – 23.03 Mya): Rupelian (33.9 – 28.4 Mya) · Chattian (28.4 – 23.03 Mya)

Neogene (23.03 – 2.588 Mya)	Miocene (23.03 – 5.332 Mya): Aquitanian (23.03 – 20.43 Mya) · Burdigalian (20.43 – 15.97 Mya) · Langhian (15.97 – 13.82 Mya) · Serravallian (13.82 – 11.608 Mya) · Tortonian (11.608 – 7.246 Mya) · Messinian (7.246 – 5.332 Mya) Pliocene (5.332 – 2.588 Mya): Piacenzian (5.332 – 3.6 Mya) · Zanclean (3.6 – 2.588 Mya)

Quaternary (2.588 – 0 Mya)	Pleistocene (2.588 Mya – 11.4 kya): Gelasian (2.588 – 1.806 Mya) · Calabrian (1.806 Mya – 781 kya) · Middle Pleistocene / Ionian (781 – 126 kya) · Late Pleistocene / Tarantian (126 – 11.4 kya): Oldest Dryas (18 – 14.67 kya) · Bølling* (14.67 – 14 kya) · Older Dryas* (14 – 13.7 kya) · Allerød* (13.7 – 12.8 kya) · Younger Dryas* (12.8 – 11.4 kya)* Holocene (11.4 – 0 kya): Preboreal (11.4 – 9 kya) · Boreal* (9 – 8 kya) · Atlantic* (8 – 5 kya) · Subboreal* (5 – 2.5 kya) · Subatlantic* (2.5 – 0 kya)*

kya = thousands years ago. Mya = millions years ago. * Not officially recognized by the I.C.S.

Source: International Stratigraphic Chart. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 8 February 2008.